Common Core Reading (CCSS):

• Informational/Nonfiction Standards R.I. 1-10 for grades 3-5

Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS):

Performance Expectations (PE): (Text supports students to reach PE)

• 4-ESS2-1. Make observations and/or measurements to provide evidence of the effects of weathering or the rate of erosion by water, ice, wind, or vegetation.
• 4-ESS2-2. Analyze and interpret data from maps to describe patterns of Earth’s features.
• 4-ESS3-2. Generate and compare multiple solutions to reduce the impacts of natural Earth processes on humans.
• 3-ESS3-1. Make a claim about the merit of a design solution that reduces the impacts of a weather-related hazard.

Science and Engineering Practices (SEP): (Text supports students to reach SEP)

• Planning and carrying out investigations..
• Make observations and/or measurements to produce data.
• Analyze and interpret data.
• Generate and compare multiple solutions.

Disciplinary Core Ideas (DCI):

• ESS2.A: Rainfall helps to shape the land and affects the types of living things found in a region. Water, ice, wind, living organisms, and gravity break rocks, soils, and sediments into smaller particles and move them around.
• ESS2.B: The locations of mountain ranges, deep ocean trenches, ocean floor structures, earthquakes, and volcanoes occur in patterns. Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur in bands that are often along the boundaries between continents and oceans. Major mountain chains form inside continents or near their edges. Maps can help locate the different land and water features areas of Earth.
• ESS3.B: A variety of hazards result from natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions). Humans cannot eliminate the hazards but can take steps to reduce their impacts.

Crosscutting Concepts (CC): (Text supports students to reach CC)

• Cause and effect: Cause and effect relationships are routinely identified, tested, and used to explain change.
• Patterns: Patterns can be used as evidence to support an explanation.